Resources
Post-partum depression frequently asked questions
Resource date: Jul 2025
Author: UNFPA
Resources
Resource date: Jul 2025
Author: UNFPA
Post-partum depression is a serious mental health condition that can affect women after childbirth. It goes far beyond the common “baby blues,” or feelings of anxiety or sadness that typically begin two to three days after giving birth. It involves persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness and emotional exhaustion for more than two weeks that interfere with a mother’s ability to function or bond with her baby. It is a medical condition that requires understanding, support and often treatment.
Experiences vary, but many women with post-partum depression describe feeling overwhelmed, anxious, irritable or hopeless. Some may feel a diminished interest in or pleasure from activities, or feel detached, numb or disconnected from their baby or themselves. These feelings can make daily functioning difficult. In severe cases, thoughts of self-harm or harming the baby may occur. Many women experience shame or guilt, which can hinder them from seeking support.
Post-partum depression usually begins within the first six weeks after childbirth, but it can start any time in the first year. Some women notice symptoms in the final weeks of pregnancy or shortly after delivery. Part of a diagnosis is whether the patient has had core symptoms of depression for at least two weeks. It is crucial to distinguish post-partum depression from the “baby blues,” which typically begin around two to three days after giving birth but don’t persist for more than two weeks. The condition can be missed or misdiagnosed, especially in low- and middle-income countries where mental health is stigmatized or not routinely screened for.
Unlike the “baby blues,” which resolve within about two weeks, post-partum depression can last for months or even years without treatment and may develop into chronic depression. With timely care, most women recover fully. Early recognition and support are key.
There is no single cause. It can result from a combination of hormonal changes, sleep deprivation, birth-related trauma, previous mental health history and social or environmental stressors. Women who experience difficult births, complications, loss or lack of support are at greater risk. In humanitarian settings or where gender-based violence is prevalent, the risks increase significantly.
Yes. Although it is less common, men, especially new fathers or partners, can experience post-partum depression or anxiety, particularly when their partner is struggling, when sleep is disrupted or when there are financial or emotional stressors. Mental health care should be inclusive of partners too.
Biologically, a sharp drop in hormones after birth can affect brain chemistry. Psychologically and socially, the transition to motherhood is profound and often isolating, especially without adequate support. When combined with trauma, poverty, loss or lack of access to healthcare, the risk increases dramatically. In short, it’s not just one thing – it’s often an accumulation of challenges.
Globally, around 13 per cent of women experience a mental health disorder after childbirth, mostly depression. In low- and middle-income countries, prevalence can reach 20 per cent or higher, yet most women receive no care. Vulnerable groups, including adolescents, women experiencing birth loss or injury, those exposed to violence or those living in crisis contexts, face even higher risks and greater barriers to support.
While it may not always be preventable, you can reduce risk by:
Yes. Post-partum depression can follow any perinatal loss, including miscarriage, stillbirth or loss shortly after birth. In these situations, grief and depression may overlap, and women often face these experiences without formal recognition or support. Compassionate counselling, support groups and mental healthcare are essential components of recovery.
Recovery starts with knowing that you are not alone and that help is available. Talk to a trusted healthcare provider, midwife or community/social health worker. Treatment may involve counselling, psychological therapy, support groups, medication or community-based support. In many settings, non-specialist health workers, when trained, can provide effective mental health support. Self-care is also important: Even small acts of rest, connection or expression can help you heal. Most importantly, seek help early and often.
UNFPA’s maternal and newborn health strategy adopts a holistic well-being approach, advocating that maternal healthcare must include physical, emotional, mental and social support. UNFPA supports the integration of maternal mental health into national health systems, particularly through antenatal and postnatal care.
Midwives are central to this effort. In 2023, UNFPA and the Maternity Foundation launched a perinatal mental health module that reached more than 2,400 midwives via the Safe Delivery App. In addition, an online course developed in collaboration with the World Continuing Education Alliance has trained more than 89,000 learners globally, equipping midwives to provide empathetic care, identify distress and offer first-line mental health support. In another initiative, UNFPA’s obstetric fistula programme addresses the psychological trauma of childbirth injuries. More than 16,000 women and girls have received psychosocial counselling and reintegration support, ensuring recovery that goes beyond surgery.
By investing in community health systems, UNFPA expands access to care for the most marginalized, tackling poverty, violence, disability and discrimination. UNFPA champions data-driven advocacy to place maternal mental health and well-being at the centre of national and global health priorities.
Updated on 17 July 2025