This publication reports on the UNFPA Panel at the XXV IUSSP International Population Conference that was held in Tours, France in July 2005. The discussions provided different perceptions on the impact of ICPD, some critical of ICPD for not paying sufficent attention to population-level demography and advocating for a much stronger focus on population dynamics and the consequences for development, the other, supportive of the Cairo Agenda, stressing the important accomplishments since ICPD, while addressing some of the constraints faced.