Census

How is the information used?

Today, with major demographic shifts occurring and increased attention on international development, accurate and timely data are more important than ever. The unique advantage of the census is that it represents the entire statistical universe, down to the smallest geographical/ administrative area, of a country or region. This information is required for evidence-based decision-making in a variety of settings, including the design and monitoring of policies and programs.

Often, a national census is the only source of information for identifying forms of social, demographic or economic exclusion – such as inequalities by geographic location, race, ethnicity, religion or other characteristics. The census also provides data on disadvantaged regions and vulnerable groups, such as the poor, the old, people living with disabilities, migrants, and adolescent and young girls. Up to 107 of the 231 unique indicators of the Sustainable Development Goals require population data for monitoring, and censuses are a key source. Censuses also provide the basis for deriving samples of households for national surveys and the production of granular baseline population data, disaggregated by age and sex that support operations and decision-making in the initial response to a humanitarian emergency (Common Operational Datasets on Population Statistics (COD-PS)).

What are the challenges?

With censuses typically conducted every decade, many national statistics offices face capacity challenges, as it may be hard to retain expertise between census rounds. Furthermore, the emergence of new technologies and methodologies often requires the acquisition of new skills, tools, and development of relevant expertise and capacity.

Census taking, by virtue of its scale, is a costly exercise that needs careful budgeting and planning and timely resource mobilization. Frequently, censuses are postponed due to lack of funding or delayed release of funds. Creating partnerships with major stakeholders, including development partners, civil society and the private sector, is crucial for the successful implementation and continuity of censuses.

Conflict and instability in many countries pose additional challenges that make census enumeration impossible in some areas. In highly stressed countries and fragile settings, recent and reliable demographic data can often be missing or incomplete, as traditional censuses may not be possible due to inaccessibility or security concerns. Also, large population displacements may quickly render existing information outdated. In these contexts, UNFPA can provide support to generate modelled population estimates to fill data gaps.

UNFPA in action

Since its inception, one of UNFPA’s core mandates has been to strengthen national census capacity to collect, process, analyze, disseminate and use census data for development. In the 2020 census round, UNFPA’s key areas of support include:

• Providing technical support. UNFPA provides Census Technical Advisers, GIS and data processing experts, operations support, and technical assistance.
• Generating and sharing knowledge:
  • Providing learning and training opportunities. These opportunities include workshops, webinars, and eLearning courses, on census methodologies and innovative approaches such as small area estimation, modelled population estimates, geospatial analysis, mapping of population vulnerabilities and access to services.
  • Developing census technical and operational guidance tools. These include technical briefs on topics such as measuring disability, migration and marriage registration in censuses, UNFPA’s technical and operational support to the 2020 census round, hybrid census methodology, value of modelled population estimates for census planning and preparation, migration analysis, and post-enumeration surveys, as well as step-by-step census guides, Gantt chart templates, and key operational and financial management guidelines for census projects. Together with the US Census Bureau, UNFPA has released technical notes on fertility measurement, measuring migration, census data archiving and preservation, and counting the hard-to-count populations. Technical guidance on the implications of COVID-19 for census was developed in response to the pandemic.
  • Brokering South-South cooperation for census support. UNFPA organizes South-South study tours and technical exchanges, in which national statistical offices can learn from each other. UNFPA also supports tablet sharing between countries as a cost reduction mechanism, and to reduce risks associated with procurement processes.
• Promoting dissemination and open access to census data. UNFPA has launched the Population Data Portal – an interactive, web-based data platform that integrates quantitative and geospatial data, including census data, with in-built dynamic analytic functions.
• Leveraging institutional partnerships. UNFPA has established strategic global, regional and national partnerships to enable more effective and efficient census support. These include partnerships with the UN Statistics Division, the US Census Bureau, the World Bank, Statistics Korea, the GRID3 initiative, and the University of Southampton (WorldPop).  
• Mobilizing resources for censuses. UNFPA supports resource mobilization at country, regional and global levels. In March 2020, UNFPA launched the Population Data Thematic Fund to support census modernization, capacity strengthening, and improved access to census data as a public good. The Thematic Fund is being updated to take into account the impact of COVID-19 on the global census programme.  

UNFPA’s presence in 155 countries, support from six regional offices, and inter-divisional teams at the HQ level help to ensure coordinated support to the 2020 census round.

Last updated 30 June 2022.